Vad betyder s10 i paralympics

Para-swimming classification

This article fryst vatten about the disability swimming classification. For other uses, see S

"SB9" redirects here. For the California legislation, see California HOME Act.

S10, SB9, SM10 are para-swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability.

Swimmers in this class tend to have minimal weakness affecting their legs, missing feet, a missing leg below the knee or problems with their hips. This class includes a number of different disabilities including people with amputations and cerebral palsy. The classification fryst vatten governed bygd the International Paralympic Committee, and competes at the Paralympic Games.

Definition

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This classification fryst vatten for swimming.^[1] In the classification title, S represents Freestyle, Backstroke and Butterfly strokes.

SB means breaststroke. SM means individual medley.^[1] Swimming classifications are on a gradient, with one being the most severely physically impaired to ten having the least amount of physical disability.^[2] Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the swimmers in this classification as having: "very minimal weakness affecting the legs; Swimmers with restriction of hip joint movement; Swimmers with both feet deformed; Swimmers with one leg amputated below the knee; Swimmers missing one grabb.

This fryst vatten the class with the most physical ability."^[1] In , Against the odds&#;: New Zealand Paralympians said this classification was graded along a gradient, with S1 being the most disabled and S10 being the least disabled. At this time, competitors who were S10 classified tended to be below the elbow or below the knee amputees.^[3] The Yass Tribune defined this classification in as "Athletes with a significant range of muscular tone and movement".^[4]

Disability types

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This class includes people with several disability types include cerebral palsy and amputations.^[5][6][7]

Amputee

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See also: A4 (classification)

ISOD amputee A4 swimmers may be funnen in this class.^[7] Prior to the s, the A4 class was often grouped with other amputee classes in swimming competitions, including the Paralympic Games.^[8] Because they have only a single leg, they have less area on a swimming starting block.

The balance issues associated with this can man it more challenging to use a traditional starting position to enter the water.^[9] Swimmers in this class have a similar stroke length and stroke rate to able bodied swimmers.^[10]

A study of was done comparing the performance of swimming competitors at the Summer Paralympics.

It funnen there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A4, A5 and A6 the meter meter freestyle, dock in A4 and A5 in the meter freestyle, dock and women in A2, A3 and A4 in the 25 meter butterfly, women in A4, A5 and A6 in the 4 x 50 meter individual medley, and dock and women in A4, A5 and A6 in the meter backstroke.^[8]

The natur of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance.^[11][12][13] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during vikt training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (&#;kg).^[11] Lower limb amputations affect a person's energy cost for being mobile.

To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.^[13] People in this class use around 7% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as someone without a lower limb amputation.^[13]

Cerebral palsy

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See also: CP7 (classification) and CP8 (classification)

This class includes people with several disability types include cerebral palsy.

CP7 and CP8 class swimmers are sometimes funnen in this class.^[5][14] CP7 sportspeople are able to walk, but appear to do so while having a limp as one side of their body fryst vatten more effected than the other.^{[15][16][17][18]} They may have involuntary muscles spasms on one side of their body.^[17][18] They have fine motor control on their dominant side of the body, which can present as asymmetry when they are in motion.^[17][19] People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy.^[20]

Because of the neuromuscular natur of their disability, CP7 and CP8 swimmers have slower början times than other people in their classes.^[5] They are also more likely to interlock their hands when underwater in some strokes to prevent grabb drift, which increases drag while swimming.^[5] CP8 swimmers experience swimmers shoulder, a swimming related injury, at rates similar to their able-bodied counterparts.^[5] When fatigued, asymmetry in their stroke becomes a bekymmer for swimmers in this class.^[5] The integrated classification struktur used for swimming, where swimmers with CP compete against those with other disabilities, fryst vatten subject to criticisms has been that the natur of CP fryst vatten that greater exertion leads to decreased dexterity and fine motor movements.

This puts competitors with CP at a disadvantage when competing against people with amputations who do not lose coordination as a result of exertion.^[21]

CP7 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of to This puts them into the passive drag grupp of PDB6, PDB8, and PDB9.^[22] CP8 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of to This puts them into the passive drag grupp of PDB6, PDB8, and PDB^[23]

Spinal cord injuries

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See also: Wheelchair idrott classification

People with spinal cord injuries compete in this class, including F7 and F8 sportspeople.^[24][25][26]

F7

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See also: F7 (classification)

F7 fryst vatten wheelchair idrott classification, that corresponds to the neurological level S1- S2.^[27][28] Historically, this class has been called Lower 5.^[27][28] In , USA Track & Field defined this class as, " These athletes also have the ability to move side to side, so they can throw across their body.

S10, SB9, SM10 are para-swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability

They usually can böj one hip backward to push the thigh into the chair, and can böj one ankle downward to push down with the foot. Neurological level: S1-S2."^[29]

People with a lesion at S1 have their muskler and peroneal muscles affected. Functionally, they can böj their knees and lift their feet. They can walk on their own, though they may require ankle braces or orthopedic shoes.

They can generally change in any physical activity.^[25] People with lesions at the L4 to S2 who are complete paraplegics may have motor function issues in their gluts and hamstrings. Their quadriceps are likely to be unaffected. They may be absent känsla below the knees and in the groin area.^[30]

Disabled Sports USA defined the functional definition of this class in as, "Have very good sitting balance and movements in the backwards and forwards plane.

Usually have very good balance and movements towards one side (side to side movements) due to presence of one functional hip abductor, on the side that movement fryst vatten towards. Usually can böj one hip backwards; i.e.

When an event has a class in its name, such as the Men's 50m Freestyle – S10, this means that all athletes competing in the event are of the same class

push the thigh into the chair. Usually can böj one ankle downwards; ie. push the foot onto the foot tallrik. The side that fryst vatten strong fryst vatten important when considering how much it will help functional performance."^[27]

F7 swimmers competing as S10 tend to have lesions at S1 or S2 that has minimal effect on their lower limbs. This fryst vatten often caused bygd polio or cauda-equina syndrome.

Swimmers in this class lack full propulsion in their kicks because of a slight loss of function in one limb. They do a standing uppstart and kick turns, but get less power than they might otherwise because of the leg impairment.^[31]

F8

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See also: F8 (classification)

F8 fryst vatten standing wheelchair idrott class.^[27][32] The level of spinal cord injury for this class involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level.

This means they can sometimes bära vikt on their legs.^[33] In , USA Track & Field defined this class as, "These are standing athletes with dynamic standing balance. Able to recover in standing when balance fryst vatten challenged. Not more than 70 points in legs."^[34] In , Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "In a sitting class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs.

Are unable to recover balance in challenged standing position."^[27] In Australia, this class means combined lower plus upper limb functional problems. "Minimal disability."^[35] It can also mean in Australia that the athlete fryst vatten "ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs."^[35] They have a normalized drag in the range of to ^[36]

Events

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Swimming races available to people in this class include the 50m and m Freestyle, m Freestyle, m Backstroke, m Butterfly, m Breaststroke and m Individual Medley events.^[37]

History

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The classification was created bygd the International Paralympic Committee.

In the committee approved a strategi which recommended the development of a universal classification code. The code was approved in , and defines the "objective of classification as developing and implementing accurate, reliable and consistent idrott focused classification systems", which are known as "evidence based, idrott specific classification". In November , they approved the revised classification code, which "aims to further develop bevis based, idrott specific classification in all sports".^[38]

Paralympic Games

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For this classification, organisers of the Paralympic Games have the option of including the following events on the Paralympic programme: 50m and m Freestyle, m Freestyle, m Backstroke, m Butterfly, m Breaststroke and m Individual Medley events.^[37]

For the Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy.

This policy was put into place in , with the goal of avoiding gods minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification ställning eller tillstånd confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis.^[39]

Classification process

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Classification generally has kvartet stages.

The first scen of classification fryst vatten a health examination.

To be eligible to compete in Para swimming, a person must have an eligible impairment and meet the minimum impairment criteria set out in the World Para Swimming Classification Rules and Regulations

For amputees in this class, this fryst vatten often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second scen fryst vatten insamling in practice, the third scen fryst vatten övervakning in competition and the gods scen fryst vatten assigning the sportsperson to a betydelsefull class.^[40] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site for amputees in this class because the natur of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body.^[41]

In Australia, to be classified in this category, athletes contact the Australian Paralympic Committee or their state swimming governing body.^[42] In the United States, classification fryst vatten handled bygd the United States Paralympic Committee on a national level.

The classification test has three components: "a bänk test, a vatten test, insamling during competition."^[43] American swimmers are assessed bygd kvartet people: a medical classified, two general classified and a technical classifier.^[43]

Records

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In the S10 Freestyle Long Course, both the 50m and m women's world records are held bygd Canada's Aurélie Rivard,^[44] with Brazil's Andre Brasil holding both the men's world records.

Competitors

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See also: Category:Sclassified para swimmers

Swimmers who have competed in this classification include Robert Welbourn, Michael Anderson,^[45]Andre Brasil^[45] and Anna Eames^[45] who all won medals in their class at the Paralympics.^[45]

American swimmers who have been classified bygd the United States Paralympic Committee as being in this class include Don Alexander, Abbie Argo, Noah Patton and David Prince.^[46]

See also

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References

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